Ddoc
$(D_S const(FAQ),
$(P D's const system is unique, and so there are a lot of
questions about it.
)
$(UL
$(ITEMR const, Why does D have const?)
$(ITEMR principles, What principles drove the D const design?)
$(ITEMR transitive-const, What is $(I transitive const)?)
$(ITEMR head-const, What is $(I head const)?)
$(ITEMR tail-const, What is $(I tail const)?)
$(ITEMR logical-const, What is $(I logical const)?)
$(ITEMR readonly, Why not use $(I readonly) to mean read only view?)
$(ITEMR java-const, Why did Java reject const?)
$(ITEMR cpp-const, How does const differ in C++?)
$(ITEMR invariant-strings, Why are strings immutable?)
$(ITEMR const-parameters, Why aren't function parameters const by default?)
$(ITEMR static-members, Are static class members covered by transitive const?)
$(ITEMR invariant, What is $(I immutable) good for?)
)
$(ITEM const, Why does D have const?)
$(P People often express frustration with const and immutable
in D 2.0 and wonder if it is worth it.
)
$(OL
$(LI It makes function interfaces more self-documenting. Without
transitive const, for all pointer/reference parameters one must rely on
the documentation (which is always missing, out of date, or wrong). Note
that without transitivity, C++ const is nearly useless for such
self-documentation, which is why C++ programmers tend to rely on
convention instead.
)
$(LI It makes for interfaces that can be relied upon, which becomes
increasingly important the more people that are involved with the code.
In other words, it scales very well. People who are involved with
projects with large teams of programmers say that lack of const
makes their lives difficult because they cannot rely on the compiler to
enforce convention. The larger the team, the worse it gets. Managing
APIs is critical to a large project - it's why BASIC doesn't scale (for
an extreme example).
)
$(LI Const transitivity makes for some interesting optimization
opportunities. The value of this has not been explored or exploited.
)
$(LI Here's the biggie. Points 1..3 are insignificant in comparison. The
future of programming will be multicore, multithreaded. Languages that
make it easy to program them will supplant languages that don't.
Transitive const is key to bringing D into this paradigm. The surge in
use of Haskell and Erlang is evidence of this coming trend (the killer
feature of those languages is they make it easy to do multiprogramming).
C++ cannot be retrofitted to supporting multiprogramming in a manner
that makes it accessible. D isn't there yet, but it will be, and
transitive const will be absolutely fundamental to making it work.
)
)
$(P Of course, for writing single-threaded one man programs of
fairly modest size, const is not particularly useful.
And in D const can be effectively ignored by just not using it, or
by using D 1.0. The only place const is imposed is with the immutable
string type.
)
$(ITEM principles, What principles drove the D const design?)
$(OL
$(LI It will be mathematically sound. That means there
are no legal escapes from it.)
$(LI Any type can be wrapped in a struct and the resulting
struct can still exhibit the same const behavior - in other
words, no magic behavior for certain types.)
$(LI Const behavior will be transitive.)
$(LI Const behavior for type T will be equivalent for all types T.)
)
$(ITEM transitive-const, What is $(I transitive const)?)
$(P Transitive const means that once const is applied to a type,
it applies recursively to every sub-component of that type. Hence:
)
---
const(int*)** p;
p += 1; // ok, p is mutable
*p += 1; // ok, *p is mutable
**p += 1; // error, **p is const
***p += 1; // error, ***p is const
---
$(P With transitivity, there is no way to have a
$(I const pointer to mutable int).
)
$(P C++ const is not transitive.)
$(ITEM head-const, What is $(I head const)?)
$(P Head const is where the const applies only to the component
of the type adjacent to the const. For example:
)
---
headconst(int**) p;
---
$(P would be read as p being a: $(I const pointer to mutable pointer
to mutable int.) D does not have head const (the $(CODE headconst) is
there just for illustrative purposes), but C++ const is
a head const system.
)
$(ITEM tail-const, What is $(I tail const)?)
$(P Tail const is the complement of head const - everything reachable
from the const type is also const except for the top level. For
example:
)
---
tailconst(int**) p;
---
$(P would be read as p being a: $(I mutable pointer to const pointer
to const int.) Head const combined with tail const yields transitive
const.
D doesn't have $(CODE tailconst) (the keyword is there just for
illustrative purposes) as a distinct type constructor.
)
$(ITEM logical-const, What is $(I logical const)?)
$(P $(I Logical const) refers to data that appears to be constant
to an observer, but is not actually const. An example would be
an object that does lazy evaluation:)
---
struct Foo {
mutable int len;
mutable bool len_done;
const char* str;
int length()
{ if (!len_done)
{ len = strlen(str);
len_done = true;
}
return len;
}
this(char* str) { this.str = str; }
}
const Foo f = Foo("hello");
bar(f.length);
---
$(P The example evaluates $(CODE f.len) only if it is needed.
$(CODE Foo) is logically const, because to the observer of the object
its return values never change after construction.
The $(CODE mutable) qualifier says that even if an instance
of $(CODE Foo) is const, those fields can still change.
While C++ supports the notion of logical const, D does not,
and D does not have a $(CODE mutable) qualifier.
)
$(P The problem with logical const is that const is no longer
transitive. Not being transitive means there is the potential
for threading race conditions, and there is no way to determine
if an opaque const type has mutable members or not.
)
$(P Reference:
$(LINK2 http://www.linuxtopia.org/online_books/programming_books/thinking_in_c++/Chapter08_025.html, mutable: bitwise vs. logical const)
)
$(ITEM readonly, Why not use $(I readonly) to mean read only view?)
$(P $(I Readonly) has a well established meaning in software to
mean ROM, or Read Only Memory that can never be changed.
For computers with hardware protection for memory pages, readonly
also means that the memory contents cannot be altered.
Using readonly in D to mean a read only view of memory that could
be altered by another alias or thread runs counter to this.
)
$(ITEM java-const, Why did Java reject const?)
$(P $(LINK http://bugs.sun.com/bugdatabase/view_bug.do?bug_id=4211070)
)
$(ITEM cpp-const, How does const differ in C++?)
$(P C++ has a const system that is closer to D's than any other
language, but it still has huge differences:)
$(OL
$(LI const is not transitive)
$(LI no immutables)
$(LI const objects can have mutable members)
$(LI const can be legally cast away and the data modified)
$(LI $(CODE const T) and $(CODE T) are not always distinct types)
)
$(ITEM invariant-strings, Why are strings immutable?)
$(P $(LINK2 http://dobbscodetalk.com/index.php?option=com_myblog&show=Invariant-Strings.html&Itemid=29, Immutable Strings)
)
$(ITEM const-parameters, Why aren't function parameters const by default?)
$(P Since most (nearly all?) function parameters will not be modified,
it would seem to make sense to make them all const by default,
and one would have to specifically mark as mutable those that would
be changed. The problems with this are:
)
$(OL
$(LI It would be a huge break from past D practice, and practice
in C, C++, Java, C#, etc.)
$(LI It would require a new keyword, say $(CODE mutable).)
$(LI And worst, it would make declarations inconsistent:
---
void foo(int* p) {
int* q;
...
}
---
$(CODE p) points to const, and $(CODE q) points to mutable.
This kind of inconsistency leads to all sorts of mistakes.
It also makes it very hard to write generic code that deals with
types.
)
)
$(P Using $(CODE in) can mitigate the ugliness of having to annotate
with $(CODE const):)
---
void str_replace(in char[] haystack, in char[] needle);
---
$(ITEM static-members, Are static class members covered by transitive const?)
$(P A static class member is part of the global state of a program,
not part of the state of an object. Thus, a class having a mutable
static member does not violate the transitive constness of an object
of that class.
)
$(ITEM invariant, What is $(I immutable) good for?)
$(P Immutable data, once initialized, is never changed.
This has many uses:
)
$(UL
$(LI Access to immutable data need not be synchronized
when multiple threads read it.)
$(LI Data races, tearing, sequential consistency, and
cache consistency are all non-issues when working with
immutable data.)
$(LI Pure functions can only accept immutable parameters.)
$(LI When doing a $(I deep copy) of a data structure,
the immutable portions need not be copied.)
$(LI Invariance allows a large chunk of data to be treated
as a value type even if it is passed around by reference
(strings are the most common case of this).)
$(LI Immutable type provides more self-documenting information
to the programmer.)
$(LI Immutable data can be placed in hardware protected read-only
memory, or even in ROMs.)
$(LI If immutable data does change, it is a sure sign of a memory
corruption bug, and it is possible to automatically check for
such data integrity.)
$(LI Immutable types provide for many program optimization
opportunities.)
)
$(P $(I const) acts as a bridge between the mutable and immutable
worlds, so a single function can be used to accept both types
of arguments.)
)
Macros:
TITLE=const(FAQ)
WIKI=constFAQ
ITEMR=$(LI $(LINK2 #$1, $+))
ITEM=